Transformational Grammar (TG) Definition and Examples

Transformational grammar is a theory of grammar that accounts for the constructions of a language by linguistic transformations and phrase structures. Also known as  transformational-generative grammar or T-G or TGG. Following the publication of Noam Chomskys book Syntactic Structures in 1957, transformational grammar dominated the field of linguistics for the next few decades. The era of Transformational-Generative Grammar, as it is called, signifies a sharp break with the linguistic tradition of the first half of the [twentieth] century both in Europe and America because, having as its principal objective the formulation of a finite set of basic and transformational rules that explain how the native speaker of a language can generate and comprehend all its possible grammatical sentences, it focuses mostly on syntax and not on phonology or morphology, as structuralism does (Encyclopedia of Linguistics,  2005). Observations The new linguistics, which began in 1957 with the publication of Noam Chomskys Syntactic Structures, deserves the label revolutionary. After 1957, the study of grammar would no longer be limited to what is said and how it is interpreted. In fact, the word grammar itself took on a new meaning. The new linguistics defined grammar as our innate, subconscious ability to generate language, an internal system of rules that constitutes our human language capacity. The goal of the new linguistics was to describe this internal grammar.Unlike the structuralists, whose goal was to examine the sentences we actually speak and to describe their systemic nature, the transformationalists wanted to unlock the secrets of language: to build a model of our internal rules, a model that would produce all of the grammatical—and no ungrammatical—sentences. (M. Kolln and R. Funk, Understanding English Grammar. Allyn and Bacon, 1998)[F]rom the word go, it has often been clear that Transformation al Grammar was the best available theory of language structure, while lacking any clear grasp of what distinctive claims the theory made about human language. (Geoffrey Sampson, Empirical Linguistics. Continuum, 2001) Surface Structures and Deep Structures When it comes to syntax, [Noam] Chomsky is famous for proposing that beneath every sentence in the mind of a speaker is an invisible, inaudible deep structure, the interface to the mental lexicon. The deep structure is converted by transformational rules into a surface structure that corresponds more closely to what is pronounced and heard. The rationale is that certain constructions, if they were listed in the mind as surface structures, would have to be multiplied out in thousands of redundant variations that would have to have been learned one by one, whereas if the constructions were listed as deep structures, they would be simple, few in number, and economically learned. (Steven Pinker, Words and Rules. Basic Books, 1999) Transformational Grammar and the Teaching of Writing Though it is certainly true, as many writers have pointed out, that sentence-combining exercises existed before the advent of transformational grammar, it should be evident that the transformational concept of embedding gave sentence combining a theoretical foundation upon which to build. By the time Chomsky and his followers moved away from this concept, sentence combining had enough momentum to sustain itself. (Ronald F. Lunsford, Modern Grammar and Basic Writers. Research in Basic Writing: A Bibliographic Sourcebook, ed. by Michael G. Moran and Martin J. Jacobi. Greenwood Press, 1990) The Transformation of Transformational Grammar Chomsky initially justified replacing phrase-structure grammar by arguing that it was awkward, complex, and incapable of providing adequate accounts of language. Transformational grammar offered a simple and elegant way to understand language, and it offered new insights into the underlying psychological mechanisms.As the grammar matured, however, it lost its simplicity and much of its elegance. In addition, transformational grammar has been plagued by Chomskys ambivalence and ambiguity regarding meaning. . . . Chomsky continued to tinker with transformational grammar, changing the theories and making it more abstract and in many respects more complex, until all but those with specialized training in linguistics were befuddled. . . .[T]he tinkering failed to solve most of the problems because Chomsky refused to abandon the idea of deep structure, which is at the heart of T-G grammar but which also underlies nearly all of its problems. Such complaints have fueled the paradigm shift to cognitive grammar. (James D. Williams, The Teachers Grammar Book. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1999)In the years since transformational grammar was formulated, it has gone through a number of changes. In the most recent version, Chomsky (1995) has eliminated many of the transformational rules in previous versions of the grammar and replaced them with broader rules, such as a rule that moves one constituent from one location to another. It was just this kind of rule on which the trace studies were based. Although newer versions of the theory differ in several respects from the original, at a deeper level they share the idea that syntactic structure is at the heart of our linguistic knowledge. However, this view has been controversial within linguistics. (David W. Carroll, Psychology of Language, 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2008)

A Secularization - The Effects Of The Early Reformation

â€Å"A Secularization – The Effects of the Early Reformation† In Philip Benedict’s article in response to Brad Gregory’s novel, The Unintended Reformation: How a Religious Revolution Secularized Society; Benedict addresses the long-term effects that the early Reformation had on the modern world. The articles objective is to explain how things came to be as they are institutionally and ideology in the contemporary Western world and to provide an explanation of how the past became the present. According to Benedict, Gregory argues that the religious upheavals and sociopolitical disruptions during the Reformation era were the major events that led to today’s modern secularism, while Gregory suggests (2012), Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism and consumerism as we are familiar with it currently. In his novel, Gregory challenges the fact that the Reformation was misleading; since reform means to improve, but by setting out to abolish the religious authority of the Catholic popes, the Reformation ended up destroying religion as a whole, and resulting in the privatization of it. In general, the core of a healthy society consisted of faith and religion, even despite it being forced into private life and disallowed in public. Whatever the Reformers tried to do backfired and instead led to the development of modern secularism, with ethics becoming individualized and subjective (Gregory, 2012). The consequences created a religiousShow MoreRelatedHow the Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution Led to a More Secular and Democrtatic Society1437 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Revolutions Lead to Political Reform: How the Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution Led to a more Secular and Democratic Political Atmosphere. 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Management Practice and Theory for Educational-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Management Practice and Theory for Educational Technology. Answer: Swinburne University of Technology (SUT) is known as the Australian public university which is situated in Melbourne Victoria. The main campus is situated in Hawthorn at countryside. The purpose of the organization is to educate the students in such a way that the whole world demands for the students belong from SUT. University wants to inculcate the habit of research to develop better understanding. According to my point of view it will further help in developing students creativity and vision in complex and contemporary practice. SUT also play a role of a pathway provider for the students to prepare them for university study. SUT offers various programs such as English language, diploma, foundation, professional courses (Swinburne, 2018). On the other hand University of Sydney, known as Australian public university, this is situated in Sydney, Australia. It is regarded as worlds leading universities. The main purpose of University of Sydney is to improve the world. The University aims at the level of education which can ultimately improve the level of living the life. University has different approach regarding leadership. They believe that leadership is a culture not a person. The graduates in the university are ranked as fourth most employable people in the world (University of Sydney, 2018). University of Sydney comes under top 10 universities in all over the world according to the British Daily Telegraph. On the contrary Swinburne University comes under the criteria of 150 universities according to Times higher Education. The quality of education is more effective in University of Sydney as compare to Swinburne University of Technology. The University of Sydney (US) aims at making lives better for people. It gives most memorable experience to its students. According to me, students feel secured in terms of their future because of the recognized education provided by the university. From my point of view, by studying in Sydney University the students get to explore the high quality of life. It offers the students a very high quality of education, research and technology. For universities in Australia, research output and industry partnerships are very significant so Sydney University make sure that they remain leaders in terms of all innovative fields. They create the ha bit of research to develop better understanding which further helps to develop students creativity and vision in complex and contemporary practice. Graduates and post graduates have excellent opportunities in terms of jobs. University of Sydney offers most attractive placements packages to the students. University of Sydney is the top University of Australia for graduate employability. It also allowed the students to work at least 20 hours per week to grip their living expenses. From my observation, students find the Sydney University is one of the best universities in Australia. From my point of view, Graduates and post graduates have excellent opportunities in terms of jobs. For graduates employability, it is the top university in Australia. University of Sydney offers most attractive placements packages to the students (Kennedy, Judd, Churchward, Gray, Krause, 2008). University of Sydney also encouraged the working with studies; it allowed the students to work at least 20 hours per week to grip their living expenses. Sydney University offers students both skills of study and degree skills, and also enhance them with more of general skills. By studying in Sydney University the students get to explore the high quality of life. It offers the students a very high quality of education, research and technology. Courses offered by the university govern the decision making for selection of the university. Flexibility and the freedom to choose different subjects govern the decision making. University of Sydney also offers incredible professional career opportunities in several roles. It offers its employees a very attractive package and opportunities and rewards in order to fulfil the potential of the employees. Being a chief international university including more than 7, 000 full time working employees it offers exhilarating working environment. In every area of expertise, The University of Sydney gives people the opportunity to thrive in the environment which encourages creativity, flexibility, diversity and integrity (University of Sydney, 2018). The university provide the workplace environment that encourages the development and intellectual searches and raise the sense of determination and assurance. As per my research, university of Sydney offers its employees flexible work environment in which the employees can their work life as well as their personal life (Muir, Drury, Ryan, 2014). It also provides generous leaves to its employees. As compare to SUT, there a re also several financial benefits offered by the university to the employees such as competitive salaries, contribution of 17% of the basic salary to pension. There are also health and well-being benefits for the employees such as sports and fitness centres with attractive discount rates and benefits. Therefore it can be concluded that University of Sydney is more effective than Swinburne University of Technology. As it comes under top 10 universities and it is the most effective university as described above. It offers incredible professional career opportunities in several roles. It offers the most flexible environment to its employees and from the perspective of employees also it is one of the best universities in Australia. According to me, by studying in Sydney University the students get to explore the high quality of life. It offers the students a very high quality of education, research and technology. It gives you the opportunity to thrive in the environment which encourages creativity, flexibility, diversity and integrity. References Kennedy, G. E., Judd, T. S., Churchward, A., Gray, K., Krause, K. L. 2008. First year students' experiences with technology: Are they really digital natives?. Australasian journal of educational technology, 24(1). Muir, M., Drury, H., Ryan, L. 2014. SYDNEY TEACHING COLLOQUIUM. Research and evaluation. Oades, L. G., Robinson, P., Green, S. 2011. Positive education: Creating flourishing students, staff and schools. InPsych: The Bulletin of the Australian Psychological Society Ltd, 33(2), 16. Peat, M., Franklin, S. 2002. Supporting student learning: the use of computerbased formative assessment modules. British Journal of Educational Technology, 33(5), 515-523. Swinburne. 2018. Study with us. Retrieved 23 March, 2018. https://www.swinburne.edu.au/ University of Sydney. 2018. About Us. Retrieved 23 March, 2018. https://sydney.edu.au/about-us/vision-and-values.html University of Sydney. 2018. About Us. Careers at Sydney. Retrieved 23 March, 2018. https://sydney.edu.au/about-us/careers-at-sydney.html